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A third OAPM collimates the THz beam transmitted by the sample, and a fourth OAPM focuses the THz radiation into the detection crystal. A second OAPM focuses the THz radiation into the sample position, where we placed the flowing, windowless liquid jet sample. In order to highlight the effects of pulse shaping and frequency upshifting, paper filters were added to reduce the THz bandwidth. The residual optical radiation is filtered out by a hole in this collecting OAPM and by a high-resistivity silicon slab (Eksma optics) placed after the first OAPM. A first, collecting off-axis parabolic mirror (OAPM) collimates the THz radiation. 38 In short, the broadband terahertz (THz) probe pulses are generated by two-color plasma filamentation in nitrogen gas. The details of the experimental OPTP setup are given elsewhere.

A water jet is a freestanding sheet of water that is generated by a nozzle please see Ref. We measured a flowing water jet without windows.

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In order to avoid unwanted pump–probe signals from the windows of a static cell or sample holder, 36 the measurements were performed on a recirculating liquid jet. A recirculating chiller stabilized the temperature of the reservoir of the liquid within ☐.05 ☌. 35 The experiments were performed in a nitrogen atmosphere with less than 10% humidity and at three temperatures: 10, 30, and 50 ☌. The equilibrium terahertz properties of these solutions were reported previously.

This process was repeated until a total of 165 g of NaI was dissolved in 100 ml of pure water, which is close to the solubility limit at room temperature (∼11M). After this initial 1M NaI liquid sample was measured, we obtained the 3M solution by dissolving an additional 30 g of NaI in the same solution. The initial solution with a concentration of 1 mol/l (or M) was prepared by dissolving 15 g (0.1 mol) in 100 ml of water. The samples were prepared by dissolving sodium iodide salt (99.5% purity, supplied by S3 Chemicals) in ultra-pure milli-Q water with a conductivity of 0.055 µS/cm.

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OPTP measurements, sometimes called time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy (TRTS), were performed on a series of aqueous solutions containing 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11M of sodium iodide (NaI). The wavefunction of the initially delocalized electron shrinks to less than 7,8 3 Å within ∼0.2 ps, resulting in the familiar absorption of the relaxed, solvated aqueous electron peaking in the near infrared. This “conduction band electron” is excited when the energy of the optical excitation exceeds the “bandgap of liquid water,” located somewhere between 6 10 and 12 eV. The electron is thus delocalized over 9000 water molecules. When water molecules in the liquid phase are photoionized via multi-photon optical absorption, the initially excited electron wavefunction can have a radius of 3–5 ∼40 Å. 2 However, liquid water can also display a metallic-like transient response for an ultra-short amount of time following photoionization. 1 More recently, experiments demonstrated that thin layers of liquid water could form a metallic solution for a few seconds, via charge transfer from a sodium potassium alloy.

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Nowadays, they reach full monolithic integration, including laser, interaction section and detector on the same chip, demonstrating unprecedented operation in in situ and real-time analysis of chemical processes.At the enormous pressures and temperatures of 300 GPa and 7000 K, molecular dynamics calculations predict that liquid water should be metallic and contribute to the magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune. Special attention is given to plasmon-enhanced concepts that allow measurements in highly compact sensor schemes. In this review, we give an overview over current trends and recent developments in the field of mid-IR spectroscopy of molecules in liquid phase. In this field, mid-IR plasmonics has emerged as breakthrough concept for miniaturization, enabling highly-sensitive and -selective liquid measurement tools. However, it is a rapidly developing field of research, set to fundamentally change our knowledge of dynamical processes of molecules in liquid-phase. While the mid-IR analysis of gas-samples is already a mature discipline, the spectroscopy of liquids is still in its infancy. The investigation of molecules in the mid-IR spectral range has revolutionized our understanding in many fields such as atmospheric chemistry and environmental sensing for climate research or disease monitoring in medical diagnosis. You just subscribed to receive the final version of the article

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